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Albert Einstein (14 March – 18 April ) was a German-born theoretical physicist who developed the theory of relativity, one of the two pillars of modern physics (alongside quantum mechanics). His work is also known for its influence on the philosophy of science. He is best known to the general public for his mass–energy equivalence formula E = m c 2 , which has been dubbed "the world's most famous equation".

He received the Nobel Prize in Physics "for his services to theoretical physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect", a pivotal step in the development of quantum theory.

Near the beginning of his career, Einstein thought that Newtonian mechanics was no longer enough to reconcile the laws of classical mechanics with the laws of the electromagnetic field.

This led him to develop his special theory of relativity during his time at the Swiss Patent Office in Bern (–). He subsequently realized that the principle of relativity could be extended to gravitational fields, and published a paper on general relativity in introducing his theory of gravitation.

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He continued to deal with problems of statistical mechanics and quantum theory, which led to his explanations of particle theory and the motion of molecules. He also investigated the thermal properties of light and the quantum theory of radiation, the basis of laser, which laid the foundation of the photon theory of light. In , he applied the general theory of relativity to model the structure of the universe.

Einstein moved to Switzerland in and renounced his German citizenship in After being stateless for more than five years, he acquired Swiss citizenship in , which he kept for the rest of his life.

Except for one year in Prague, he lived in Switzerland between and

He received his academic diploma from the Swiss federal polytechnic school (later the Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule, ETH) in Zürich in Between and he was employed in Bern as a patent examiner at the Federal Office for Intellectual Property, the patent office.

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In , called his annus mirabilis (miracle year), he published four groundbreaking papers, which attracted the attention of the academic world. That year, at the age of 26, he was awarded a PhD by the University of Zurich.

He taught theoretical physics for one year (/09) at the University of Bern, for two years () at the University of Zurich, and after one year at the Charles University in Prague he returned to his alma mater ETH Zurich between and , before he left for Berlin, where he was elected to the Prussian Academy of Sciences.

In , while Einstein was visiting the United States, Adolf Hitler came to power.

Because of his Jewish background, Einstein did not return to Germany.